The Hidden Facts About Courage Essay Samples Uncovered by an Expert

The Hidden Facts About Courage Essay Samples Uncovered by an Expert This post has highlighted the important demand for healthcare professionals, who comprehend the importance of moral courage at work, and are eager to take action as soon as the ethical values are being compromised. Aside from that essay Editing and Proofreading Help may also be availed by the students from the pertinent helpers which is too for free of charge. Stick to the directions provided and make certain you use the suitable style and technique. You have to keep in mind that although you have a reasonably good history, the absence of confidence can easily block you from fulfilling your potential. You have the capability to create excellent changes on earth and serve a greater purpose. On a rare occasion, it may be earned through nearly-unprecedented abilities in a given academic field. The capacity to forgive is a really difficult one. Needless to say, there are different means of looking at courage. When such feelings are expressed, there's no meaningful response outside embarrassment and apology. Most likely, before you know you'd have landed the promotion you'd set your head on. Complete dedication, higher level of devotion cut the opportunity to half. The simple truth is you don't have the truth, you merely have your version of it. Second, it shouldn't be form out of your private opinion. It requires courage to talk your mind, particularly if your opinion is in the minority. Let's start with the goal of the essays. Top Choices of Courage Essay Samples It's unnatural for a person to risk their life for others, and it takes quite a bit of courage to achieve that. There's a substantial quantity of courage seen by means of this guy. The Courage to Dream Bigger You won't ever be in a position to have your dream job nor live your fantasy life unless you initially locate the courage to dream large enough to identify what it is. The man chose a human finger for a sign of protection. One of the most usual displays of courage is whenever someone chooses to act despite the simple fact they feel fear about the task or feat facing them. It's viewed that courage includes fear due to the fact that many actions of individuals are motivated by shame instead of courage. Throughout the whole path of the novel you will see courage in just about all characters, but I see the absolute most courage out of 3 characters. Only the courage to try out something new. To acquire the idea of writing a profile essay, you will have to read the works of individuals who have written successful essays. Profile essays need you to receive all the appropriate details of your subject, and to only present ideas that could be supported by an established fact. A profile essay is thought to be the absolute most challenging essay to write, just with the appropriate resources and data, it will become a walk in the park. To make it simpler for you to compose a vital analysis essay, we've got a useful analysis writing template that will lead you through the most crucial points. So as to realize that you're working with a crucial analysis, you've got to keep in mind that analysis means breaking down and studying of the parts. It can help you to analyze research articles with greater professional competence and a higher degree of confidence. The only intention of any college writing guide ought to be to delineate what a number of those criteria are or aren't. Through writing an essay, students also become acquainted with a large array of information they will need to read so as to compile their essay in an intriguing way. The following ideas will work as a guide for you. As you are reading the short article, you need to look for details that identify the subject of the guide. My next article is going to be a treat for all those who like to consider about problem-solving and decision-making in novel ways. As previously mentioned, there may be several forms of articles to analyze.

Female Voices of 1865-1912 - 1728 Words

Abstract In this essay I will discuss and analyze the social forces that influenced American women writers of the period of 1865 to 1912. I will describe the specific roles female authors played in this period and explain how the perspectives of female authors differed from their male contemporaries. INTRODUCTION As the United States was continuing recovering from the Civil War and embracing the expansion of the West, industrialization, immigration and the growth of cities, women’s roles in America were changing by the transformation of this new society. During the period of 1865-1912, women found themselves challenging to break the political structure, power holders, cultural practices and beliefs in their â€Å"male† dominated world.†¦show more content†¦544-555). Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins, Contending Forces (1900), characters articulate views on race problem, full identity and citizenship. Baym (2008) describes Mark Twain’s The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson (1894) as: â€Å"a dark and troubling view of the nineteenth century American values in a Mississippi river town of the 1830’s and centered on the switching of two babies born on the same day-one the result of miscegenation, the other the legitimate son of a white slave owner. Twain’s purpose for writing this story is to reveal the absurdities of slavery and its victims and victimizers alike-the underserved self-hate of slaves and the unearned pride of whites. The way in which Twain portrays the twinning of law and customs in sustaining the institution of slavery indicates his despair over prospects for true racial equality, a despair supported by the realities of Jim Crow laws and the escalation of lynching in the post Reconstruction Period (p. 96). Publication of books and periodical revealed to the public the problems that women endured within their homes, education, labor, and health. In a male dominant society, men premeditated what roles women should play at home. Women were perceived as weaker than men, unable to think for themselves and their opinions were view as useless. Male dominating view of a woman’s role was to have no other aspirations but to take care of her husband, family and home.Show MoreRelatedBellocqs Ophelia Analysis2005 Words   |  9 Pages who the female models were, where did they work, and why? Storyville was a legalized red light district in New Orleans. Storyville was the answer to the ongoing crime problem in New Orleans back in the late eighteen to early nineteen hundreds. After the closure of Storyville, the so called embarrassment was almost wiped from history. Bellocq’s photos, a couple of rundown buildings, and very few tales about Storyville are left today. Natasha Trethewey ga ve these forgotten women a voice in her collectionRead MoreMarketing Analysis of Nokia Mobile2974 Words   |  12 Pages INTRODUCTION Company Profile The roots of nokia go back to the year 1865 with the establishment of a Forest industry enterprise in southwestern Finland by mining engineer Fredrik idestam. Elsewhere, the year 1898 witnessed the foundation of finnish rubber works ltd, in 1912 Finnish cable works began operations. Gradually, the ownership of these two companies and nokia began to shift Into hands of just a few owners.finallyRead MoreMarketing Research on Nokia12922 Words   |  52 Pagesproduces mobile phone infrastructure and other telecommunications equipment for applications such as traditional voice telephony, ISDN, broadband access, professional mobile radio, voice over IP, wireless LAN and a line of satellite receivers. Nokia provides mobile communication equipment for every major market and protocol, including GSM, CDMA, and WCDMA. Nokia was established in 1865 as a wood-pulp mill by Fredrik Idestam on the banks of Nokia rapids. Finnish Rubber Works established its factoriesRead MoreIndian English Novel 17483 Words   |  70 Pagesthat women needs something more than just food and shelter are ideally portrayed by the women writers while making Indian English novel to take that final step towards maturity. The fast changing pace of the new India is thus ideally painted by the female writers. The history of Indian English novel, a journey which began long back has witnessed a lot of alteration to gain today`s chick contour. More On Indian English Novels (Last Updated on : 9/11/2009) The Indian literary scenario, beginning in theRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pagespsychology (recasting the earlier work of the same title), sociology, and ethics. Although he attracted a large public following and attained the stature of a sage, his speculative work has not lasted well, and in his own time there were dissident voices. T. H. Huxley said that Spencers definition of a tragedy was a deduction killed by a fact; Carlyle called him a perfect vacuum, and James wondered wh y half of England wanted to bury him in Westminster Abbey, and talked of the ‘hurdy-gurdy monotonyRead MoreThe Influence of Brand Name and Desire Attributes of Nokia Cellphones in Consumers Buying Decision11857 Words   |  48 PagesReference pricing is a subjective price level that is used by the consumers to determine if the product is at an acceptable price for purchase. Background of the study Originally a manufacturer of pulp and paper, Nokia was founded as Nokia Company in 1865 in a small town of the same name in central Finland. Nokia was a pioneer in the Industry and introduced many new production methods to a country who only one major natural resources, its vas forest. As the industry became, increasingly energy-intensiveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesEuropean emigrants who left the strongest impact on the world. Several factors have gone into the making of these numbers. These include differences in environments, occupations, and social structures at the destinations, different rates of return, female migration, and the general wealth and power of Europe. Nearly all Asian emigrants other than those to Manchuria moved into tropical areas with well-established native or colonial states. In contrast, Europeans tended to move into sparsely populatedRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagescontrols the partys course, including the vitally important nomination of candidates. However, in times of great public excitement, charismatic leaders may emerge even in solidly bureaucratized parties, as was demonstrated by Roosevelts campaign in 1912. If there is a â€Å"hero,† he will endeavor to break the technicians hold over the party by imposing plebiscitary designation and possibly by changing the whole machinery of nomination. Such an eruption of charisma, of course, always faces the resistanceRead MoreBrand Case Studies.Docx23428 Words   |  94 Pages------------------------------------------------- Nivea - Origin amp; Evolution Beiersdorf was a well-known name in Germany in the early 1900s due to its range of body care products, adhesive tapes and bandages (Refer Exhibit I for a brief note on the company). In 1912, Beiersdorf s owner Oskar Troplowitz (Troplowitz), a chemist Isaac Lifschà ¼tz and a dermatologist Paul Unna jointly developed a skin cream based on Eucerit, the first ever water-in-oil emulsifier. In addition to Eucerit, the cream contained glycerin

Journal Article Review Leadership and Gender

Question: Discuss about theJournal Article Review for Leadership and Gender. Answer: Critical Analysis: Introduction The article, Leadership and Gender An Australia Prospective, is an interesting article about the correlation between gender and leadership abilities in Australia. To complete the research, author conducted the primary research in Australian market. Collard (2001) conducted the study of 400 Australian school principals. The article reflects that female leaders are more collaborative in nature as compared to the male leaders. The objective of this paper is to critically analyse the article. The paper would discuss various ideas presented in the article and the arguments offered. Based on the ideas and arguments, the critical analysis is done. Analysis The article details down various attributes about the leadership style of males and females. In the article, Collard (2001) presented various ideas and arguments around the difference in the leadership style of male and female. The ideas, argument and the evidence from the article can be discussed as: Idea Argument Offered Evidence Provided Men are directive and bureaucratic leaders as compared to women who are more collaborative and relational leaders (Collard, 2001) Men like to give orders and women like to work together. The employees feel more engaged when they work under the leadership of female leaders Author conducted primary research through a survey of more than 400 Australian school leaders. The principals accepted the fact that female leaders are better in collaboration as compared to the male leaders Critical Analysis The contribution of female leadership has been seen as a business advantage and a strategy not tapped into by many organizations. According to Collard (2001), female leaders do not rush into decisions. The female leaders would want to take the opinion of all the stakeholders. On the other hand, men leaders would some time rush into the decisions. This common sense that has been ignored by many primitive organizations. Biswas Patel (2016) highlighted that female leaders are better to engage others as compared to the male leaders. This is one of the reasons, the organizations should focus to have a mix of male and female leaders. It will ensure that the organization has the best of both male and female leadership attributes. Collard (20111) highlighted that employees may also find it easy to work with the female employees as in comparison to working with the male employees. Female leaders tend to take time before making any final decision. They would take the inputs from various other employees before they can actual decide the future course of action. In situations, it can take some time. However, it is good for the overall health of the organization (Rosette, Mueller Lebel, 2015). Another important argument that author has made is that female leaders can sense the individual differences in a better was as compared to the male leaders. Idea Argument Offered Evidence Provided Female leaders are more aware of individual differences as compared to male leaders (Collard, 2001) Female leaders are more considerate about the external factors as compared to male leaders Author conducted primary research through a survey of more than 400 Australian school leaders. Critical Analysis Authors argued that females are able to recognize the value in every employee, from housekeeping to the CEO. Understanding the value all employees makes a company thrive better. Company's like Starbucks rewards their employees by providing them with an education. This sends the message that Starbucks cares about their employee's, so much that they are willing to pay for them to better their lives. That speaks volumes, because when you think about lower level employee that work as servers having an opportunity that they probably would have never been given otherwise, this is phenomenal. Collard (2001) talked about the contributing factors that helps organizations gain a competitive advantage through female leadership. It has been proven that when a company chooses to invest in their employees satisfaction it can yield a financial gain for the company. For example: If a company takes the time to get to know the needs of the employees and how to create a positive work environment then the customers will receive better services and stay loyal to the company because of the service they receive (katila Eriksson, 2013). Authors highlighted that female leaders are better in terms of establishing relationship with employees. Another important argument is that female leaders are more committed than female leaders. Idea Argument Offered Evidence Provided Female leaders are committed leaders as compared to male leaders in general (Collard, 2001) Female leaders have high sense of commitment towards their job and responsibilities Author conducted primary research through a survey of more than 400 Australian school leaders. Critical Analysis In the article, author argued that female have high sense of commitment. The same sense of conclusion could be seen in the article, Evaluation of leadersdoes gender still matter? In this article, Pietraszkiewicz, Asenjo Sczesny (2015) mentioned that female leaders are better to convert their tasks and responsibilities on time. Critical Analysis Female Leadership contributes to competitive advantages in contemporary organizations because the focuses of the company is to serve others first, not just the customer but the employees as well (Collard, 2001). Many Different elements come into play when female leadership is present within an organization such as the way the company communicates to its employees, employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and the companys ethics (Latu Mast, 2013). Companies that Supporting the health of the lowest?level employees, training and career advancement for employees at every level of the company, providing incentives at the bottom of the ladder, and taking strategic steps that ensure companies and communities profit together (Collard, 2001). Female leadership incorporated in organization have shown to be a domino effect in a positive way. It is observed that female leadership as a big circle of giving whereas the employer give back to the employees and then they provide excellent service to the customers who then continue to spend their money with the company and tell others about the excellent service they receive. Conclusion This article discusses the difference between male and female approach to leadership. It is important that the organizational leadership should be based on the local cultural aspects. The knowledge of local culture enables leaders to manage the team in an effective manner. It can be concluded that there are significant differences between the leadership approaches of male leaders and female leaders (Collard, 2001). It is important that the leaders of organizations should learn the local leadership and management approaches when they enter a new region. Making employees feel valued is the best thing a company can do because it gives the employee a since of belonging and makes the employee proud of who they work for and this article reflect the point that female leaders are better to make employees happy and satisfied. Positive relationships between customers and a firm and between employees and a firm are important because they entail the smooth functioning of the organization (Collar d, 2001). In todays market scenario, in which competition is intense and the world has become a unified market due to technological developments and social media, interactions among customers have increased manifold (Biswas Patel, 2016). Therefore, it is important for firms to keep their customers engaged. Firms can ensure sustained profits if both their customers and employees are engaged. References Collard, J.L., 2001. Leadership and Gender An Australian Perspective. Educational Management Administration, 29(3), pp.343-355. Katila, S. and Eriksson, P., 2013. He is a Firm, Strong?Minded and Empowering Leader, but is She? Gendered Positioning of Female and Male CEOs. Gender, Work Organization, 20(1), pp.71-84. Latu, I.M., Mast, M.S., Lammers, J. and Bombari, D., 2013. Successful female leaders empower women's behavior in leadership tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), pp.444-448. Patel, D. and Biswas, U.N., 2016. Stereotyping of Effective Male and Female Leaders: A Concomitant of Gendered Workplaces. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 42(1), p.53. Pietraszkiewicz, A., Rovira Asenjo, N. and Sczesny, S., 2015. Evaluation of leadersdoes gender still matter?. Rosette, A.S., Mueller, J.S. and Lebel, R.D., 2015. Are male leaders penalized for seeking help? The influence of gender and asking behaviors on competence perceptions.The Leadership Quarterly,26(5), pp.749-762.

Zora Neal Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God and of F Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby Essay Example

Zora Neal Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God and of F Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby Paper The works of Zora Neal Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God and of F Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby may appear to be very distinct. Yet the characterization that both authors place upon their female leads makes the novels appear similar in a deeper aspect. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neal Hurston presents the reader with Janie a strong round and dynamic protagonist. In The Great Gatsby, F Scott Fitzgerald introduces us to Daisy a static and flat main character who is essential to the plot of the novel. Janie is an African American woman living in the South, who grew up during times racism was present and when females were oppressed and subjugated by men, and life for African Americans was very hard and difficult. Daisy is an upper class, east coast, socialite, who grows up in a time of change marked by the devastating traces that the Great War left behind, and surrounded by a world of sinful passions, immorality, jealousy, and ambition. We will write a custom essay sample on Zora Neal Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God and of F Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zora Neal Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God and of F Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zora Neal Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God and of F Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As we examine both characters we discover that though they have many differences they are very much alike. Similarities Aspirations Samuel Johnson once said Some desire is necessary to keep life in motion. Janie and Daisy both had dreams and aspirations which became at a climatic point the reasons for their being. Janie longed to find true love and throughout the novel, Zora Neal Hurston, presented us with her journey in finding her true love which in the end became a journey of self discovery and appreciation. In the second chapter of Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie often sits by a pear tree contemplating the horizon and her dreams. Daisy has dreams and aspirations as well. She dreams of a luxurious life style and a prominent and stable future that will secure her well being, as it is demonstrated when she chooses to not wait for Gatsby when he is sent to war and instead marries Tom Buchanan, who will fulfills her dreams and ambitions. Later another dream for Daisy will appear which will be getting together with Gatsby again and staring her life over. The dreams of the two women mold and shape the paths that their lives follow, as well as their outcomes and their relationships. Impact of Men Another similarity that we can understand from the novels is the fact that both characters are in a way mistreated and used by the men in their lives. Daisy who is sophisticated, graceful, charming and refined becomes the ideal trophy wife for Tom who controls the aspects of her life and knows how to manipulate through her weaknesses such as her ambition as it is represented in the scene where he convinces her into staying with him. Tom also cheats on Daisy and often ignores her. Janie has more to be talked about in this field. When she marries Logan Killicks, he demands that she work the land and dedicate her self to farming. After running away from him she becomes involved with Joe Starks, to whom she becomes a subjugated trophy wife whom he constantly oppresses with his insecurities by making her hide her hair and by whom she is physically and emotionally abused. Men do not only have a negative aspect in the lives of the two characters, they also bring joy and happiness to them. In the case of Daisy, Gatsby represents an adventurous love that rejuvenates her and gives her new reasons to persevere. He offers Daisy true love and fortune, along with a fresh start. Tea cake is to Janie, what Gatsby is for Daisy. He gives Janie hope and helps her in her path of self discovery. He unlike her other husbands treats her as his equal and truly appreciates not only her physical beauty but her internal beauty and teaches her how to appreciate the true beauty of life. Role of Women in Society It is also necessary for me to mention that both women had similar roles in society. Though they were form different social classes, races and eras, they both lacked a strong voice and figure in society as their rights were often overlooked and not taking into full consideration. They lacked equal status and opportunities to men and lived their lives under rigorous and strict patterns that affected the development of their individual voice, which is clearly reflected in both Janie and Daisy. At the time the stories were written at there were no rights for women and they had no institution that supported their cause. Differences Strength and Will Though the women may be similar in many aspects they are also very different in others. Janie is a strong woman. She has a set determination and tenacity to reach her dreams and overcome the obstacles in her way. In Their Eyes Were Watching God Daisy manages to not be affected by the negative comments made by her neighbors as she returns to Eatonville after the death of Tea Cake. She is willful enough to take off with Joe and then with Tea Cake and part ways into new adventures. She is also strong enough to resist the beatings that she receives from Joe and she manages to pass the intense trial she is put in for the death of Tea Cake. Daisy, on the other hand, is not as strong willed and determined as Janie. At points it is easy to compare her to a puppet, as she is constantly manipulated by her husband and always went for her ambition of wealth rather than her true happiness next to Gatsby. She is very gullible and often follows the guidance of others, instead of her own. Unlike Janie, Daisy does not preserve to achieve happiness. Physical Differences One of the most obvious differences between the two is their physical appearances. Janie is an African American older woman who in the beginning of Their Eyes Were Watching God is described to have a firm buttocks, beautiful long black hair and pugnacious breast. She communicates through dialect and wears overalls. Daisy is refined and carries her self as a lady. She is a bit dizzy and has vague and superficial thoughts. She is white, always has a bored look to her and is shallow. Expressions When it comes to showing their emotions and their feelings both women have different ways of doing it. Janie is the kind of person to be open and let all of her feelings show, while Daisy is more introverted with her feelings and sometimes it is questionable if she cares for any one other than her self such as the time when she doesnt even care for her daughter and treats her as an after thought. Janie seems to be very physical and more descriptive with her feelings as she shows them through her narrative. Daisy is really cold in all of her relationships and the way she interacts with other characters demonstrates her lack of ability to truly interact and make a strong and deep bond with the rest of the characters, other then the superficial and occasional encounters she has with her friends. Change One of the biggest differences that these characters have is the change that they go through throughout their novels. By definition Janie is a dynamic character, which means that she changes as a result of conflicts and revelations. She is also a round character who is multi dimensional and has sufficient depth to be understood. Janie goes through a transformation as she embarks on a journey of self discovery and comes to the conclusion that at the end it all comes down to conserving the beautiful memories in ones life. At the end of The Great Gatsby Daisy returns to right where she started, alone and rich but unhappy and miserable. She and Tom make and Nick states that people like them are meant to be together. By definition she would be described as a static character for she remains true to her initial introduction throughout the story. Janie is able to confront her aggressors as she stripped Joe in front of others and gain liberation to a certain extent from that experience, unfortunately Daisy does not. Conclusion Zora Neal Hurston and F. Scott Fitzgerald managed to create different yet similar female characters that embrace life and its ups and downs. The authors manage to present the reader with controversial characters that in one way or another break set standards. Janie and Daisy though very different, manage to mirror each other in deep aspects which are visible only to the critical eye.

African American History and Women Timeline 1920-1929

African American History and Women Timeline 1920-1929 The Harlem Renaissance: also called the New Negro Movement, a blossoming of arts, culture, and social action in the African American community all through the 1920s 1920 19th Amendment to the US Constitution became law, but practically this did not give the vote to Southern African American women, who, like African American men, were largely prevented by other legal and extra-legal measures from exercising the voteMamie Smith and Her Jazz Hounds recorded the first blues record, which sold more than 75,000 copies in its first monthNational League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes shortens its name to National Urban LeagueKaty Ferguson Home founded, named for 19th century African American educatorUniversal African Black Cross Nurses founded, for public education, by the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) led by Marcus GarveyZeta Phi Beta Sorority founded at Howard University, Washington, DCSadie Tanner Mossell Alexander received a Ph.D, the first African American woman to do so.  Eva B. Dykes (Radcliffe) and Georgiana R. Simpson (University of Chicago) follow.(October 12) Alice Childress born (writer) 1921 Bessie Coleman became the first African American woman to earn a pilots licenseAlice Paul reversed an invitation to Mary Burnett Talbert of the NAACP to speak to the National Womans Party, asserting that the NAACP supported racial equality and did not address gender equality(September 14) Constance Baker Motley born (lawyer, activist) 1922 Lucy Diggs Stowe became Howard Universitys Dean of WomenAnti-lynching bill passes United States House, fails in the United States SenateUnited Negro Improvement Association appointed Henrietta Vinton Davis as Fourth Assistant President, responding to criticism by women members of gender discrimination(August 14) Rebecca Cole died (second African American woman to graduate from medical school, worked with Elizabeth Blackwell in New York) 1923 Bessie Smith recorded Down Hearted Blues, signing a contract with Columbia to make race records, and helping rescue Columbia from imminent failureGertrude Ma Rainey recorded her first record(September) Cotton Club opened in Harlem - women entertainers were subjected to the paper bag test: only those whose skin color was lighter than a brown paper bag were hired(October 15) Mary Burnett Talbert died (activist: anti-lynching, civil rights; nurse; NAACP director, president of the National Association of Colored Women 1916-1921)(November 9) Alice Coachman born (first African American woman to win an Olympic gold medal ((London, high jump)), National Track and Field Hall of Fame)(November 9) Dorothy Dandridge born (actress, singer, dancer) 1924 Mary Montgomery Booze became the first African American woman elected to the Republican National CommitteeElizabeth Ross Hayes became the first African American woman board member of the YWCA(March 13) Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin died (journalist, activist, lecturer)(March 27) Sarah Vaughan born (singer)(May 31) Patricia Roberts Harris born (lawyer, politician, diplomat)(August 29) Dinah Washington (Ruth Lee Jones) born (singer)(October 27) Ruby Dee born (actress, playwright, activist)(November 30) Shirley Chisholm born (social worker, politician; first African American woman to serve in the US Congress)(December 7) Willie B. Barrow born (minister, civil rights activist)1924-1928 Mary McLeod Bethune served as president of the National Association of Colored Womens Clubs (NACWC) 1925 Founding of the Hesperus Club of Harlem, the first womens auxiliary of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersBessie Smith and Louis Armstrong recorded St. Louis BluesJosephine Baker performed in Paris at La Revue Negro(June 4) Mary Murray Washington died (educator, founder of the Tuskegee Womans Club, wife of Booker T. Washington) 1926 First Negro History Week promoted by Carter G. WoodsonYWCA adopted an interracial charterAfrican American women were beaten in Birmingham, Alabama, for attempting to register to votePublication of Hallie Browns  Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction, profiles of notable African American womenViolette N. Anderson became the first African American woman attorney to present a case before the U.S. Supreme CourtBessie Coleman died (pilot) 1927 Minnie Buckingham was appointed to fill her husbands remaining term in the West Virginia state legislatureSelena Sloan Butler founded the National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers, focusing on segregated colored schools in the South (merged with PTA in 1970)Mary White Ovington published Portraits in Color, biographies of African American leadersFuneral for actress Florence Mills drew more than 150,000 in HarlemNella Larsens novel, Quicksand, publishedJosephine Baker played in La Sirene des tropiquesTuskegee established a womens track teamCoretta Scott King born (activist, singer)(February 10) Leontyne Price born (singer)(April 25) Althea Gibson born (tennis athlete, first African American to play in American Lawn Tennis Association championship, first African American to win at Wimbledon) 1928 Publication of An Autumn Love Cycle by Georgia Douglas Johnson(April 4) Maya Angelou born 1929 Regina Anderson helped found Harlems Negro Experimental TheaterAugusta Savage won Rosenwald grant for Gamin and used the funds to study in EuropeBessie Smith recorded Nobody Knows You When Youre Down and Out(May 16) Betty Carter born (jazz singer)(October) stock market crash, a sign of the oncoming Great Depression, where African Americans, including women, were usually the last hired, first fired(1929-1934) Maggie Lena Walker chaired Consolidated Bank and Trust, which she created by merging several Richmond, Virginia, banks

Major and Minor Moods in English Grammar

Major and Minor Moods in English Grammar In English grammar, mood is the quality of a verb that conveys the writers attitude toward a subject. It is also known as mode and modality. In traditional grammar, there are three major moods: The indicative mood is used to make factual statements (the  declarative)  or pose questions, such as the interrogative.The imperative mood is used to express a request or command.The (comparatively rare) subjunctive mood  is used to show a wish, doubt, or anything else contrary to fact. In addition, there are several minor moods in English. Major Moods in English The indicative mood is the  form of the verb used in ordinary statements: stating a fact, expressing an opinion, or asking a question. The  majority of English sentences are in the indicative mood.  It is also called (primarily in  19th-century grammar) indicative mode. An example would be this quote from writer, actor, and director Woody Allen: Life is full of misery, loneliness, and suffering- and its all over much too soon. Here, Allen is expressing a statement of fact (at least in his interpretation). The word is shows that he is stating a fact as he sees it. The imperative mood, by contrast, is the form of the  verb  that makes direct commands and requests, such as Sit  still and Count  your blessings. Another example would be this famous quote from President John F. Kennedy: Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. In this sentence, Kennedy was essentially giving a command to the American people. The  subjunctive mood expresses wishes, stipulates demands, or makes statements contrary to fact, such as this line from the play, Fiddler on the Roof: If I were rich, Id have the time that I lack. In this sentence, Tevye, the main character, is expressing that he would have more time if he were rich (which, of course, he is not). Minor Moods in English In addition to the three major moods of English, there are also minor moods. A. Akmajian, R. Demers, A. Farmer, and R. Harnish, explain in Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication that minor moods are usually peripheral to communication, infrequently used, and vary widely. One of the more common minor moods is a tag, a sentence, question, or declaration added to a declarative sentence. These include: Tag declarative: Youve been drinking again, havent you.Tag imperative: Leave the room, will you! Other examples of minor moods are: Pseudo-imperative: Move or Ill shoot!Alternative question: a type of question (or interrogative) that offers the listener a closed choice between two or more answers: Does John resemble his father or his mother? (In this sentence, there is a rising intonation on father and falling intonation on mother.)Exclamative: a sudden, forceful expression or cry.  What a nice day!Optative: a  category of grammatical mood  that expresses a wish, hope, or desire,  May he rest in peace.One more sentence: One more beer and Ill leave.Curse:  a pronouncement of ill fortune. You are a pig!

Business and Economic Forecasting Research Paper

Business and Economic Forecasting - Research Paper Example ant to note here that increase in wage rates will also results in increase in the spending power of the consumers and consumers will be willing to pay more for the products, thus it can have some positive effect on the economy. On the other hand the increase in the transportation costs will have double fold negative impact on the economy as the consumers will have to also bear the increased in the transportation costs. Hence, there can be different economic scenarios during different economic times. For instance, during the economic boom the increase in wage rates will not have strong negative impact on the economy, as the people will be ready to pay more for the products. However, the increase in the transportation costs will negatively influence the economy. But the increase in wages will have greater overall effect on the economy. On the other hand during recession the increase in the wages will have less positive and more negative impact, as still people will be more inclined towards saving and hence will be reluctant to pay more for the products. Similarly the increase in the transportation costs will have negative influence on the economy. Hence, it can be said that the wages will have more effect on the state of the economy in different time periods. So the slope value of wages will be high as compared to that of the transportation costs in the multiple regression formula (Hoshmand, 2009). During regression analysis and evaluating regression models it is important to check that whether the regression model is efficient or not. For this purpose different tests and methods are used by the researchers. One method used in this regard is the R2 test. The researchers use The R2 test in order to check whether the forecasted values are closely related and associated with the original values or not. This means that the high value of R2 depicts that there are less or few errors and residuals in the regression model. If the value of R2 is closer to one it means that

Management of change (Reflection) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management of change (Reflection) - Essay Example I was very excited because this gave me an opportunity to have first-hand experience in working in the finance department. The first day was overwhelming since I was still adjusting to my role. I was too scared and did not understand how to go about fixing problems. In the course of the simulation, I was able to identify an area that I excelled in the process of managing change. I could identify areas that need change. For example, previously writing on invoices manual on paper. I was able to identify this shortcoming and introduce E-invoicing. That was a change that was welcome since no one wants to use paper. Management of change is all about timing. In the event that I noticed a shortcoming, I was quick to respond. The decision-making in the event of a need for change is an area that I noticed that I was good in ensuring effective management of change. Helping other employees in the process and adapting to change was another area I was effective in. I could take up helping other employees that met difficulties in the change process, which is necessary to ensure that the company moved forward as a whole. Accepting the possibility of making mistakes is also necessary for the change process. I noticed my lack of composure in the event of any change as a shortcoming. The new responsibilities bestowed upon me overwhelmed me. I reacted by avoiding the problem presented in the event of change. I found myself running away from the problems on the first day . I avoided tasks that needed a lot of concentration This was a sign of weakness and resistance to change. Being good at decision-making and deciding when and how to change things in the wake of a change was an area I was good. This is in the case of introduction of E-invoicing Problem-solving ability in managing change in the event that the invoice clearing was not on time and offering a solution was a strong point. I was also good at accepting challenges.

A View from the Bridge Essay Essay Example for Free

A View from the Bridge Essay Essay A View From The Bridge’ is a play that was first staged in 1955. It was written by Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1915, whose grandparents had come to America from Poland. When the family business failed, they moved to Brooklyn, where A View from the Bridge is set. There, Miller worked in a warehouse to earn money for his university fees. He began to write plays when he was in university and continued to write them after he graduated and became a journalist. In the play, loyalty dictates the events very strongly as because of Eddies mixed emotions for Catharine he chooses to be more loyal to her than to all of his family. Miller shows the importance of loyalty through Eddie telling Catharine the ‘Vinnie Bolzano’ story. Catharine’s reaction shows the audience that in Italy, family loyalty is the most important thing as Catharine is both shocked and horrified that Vinnie snitched on his own Uncle this is why she shockingly says ‘The kid snitched? Miller uses this as an opportunity to tell the audience that the Italian American community is very loyal, which makes Eddie’s betrayal even more shocking. Because Vinnie snitched on his Uncle he could never show his face in public because every one despised and loathed him this is why Beatrice says ‘I never seen him again’. This also shows that the Italian American Community has a very ‘if you snitch on one of us, you snitch on all of us’ mentality. Another way that Arthur Miller portrays the importance of loyalty in the play is the references Eddie uses to Catharine’s Mother. this quote shows that Eddie tries to use the promise he made to Catharine’s Mother as an excuse for being so strict and this is why he says ‘I promised your Mother on her death bed’. This is why he doesn’t want her working in the dodgy part of town; where as it is because of the emotions he feels toward Catharine and he doesn’t want her to have another male figure in her life who could be more important than he is. One of the most important scenes in the play is the ‘Phone Call’ scene which shows Eddie changing his loyalties from his family and friends, to just Catharine. ‘Give me the number for the immigration bureau’ this shows Eddie doing what Vinnie Bolzano didand snitching on Marco and Rodolpho, he does this because of the mixed and confusing emotions he feels for Catharine. Miller also uses stage  directions in the scene such as ‘A phone booth begins to glow on the opposite side of the stage; a faint, lonely blue’ I think that Miller uses the Lighting on the phone booth to show the audience the conflict going on in Eddie’s head; to loose every thing (his family and friends friendship, love, trust and loyalty) but keep Catharine for himself When the immigration officers arrive at the house, Eddie looses the respect and loyalty from his family. Beatrice realizes what Eddie has done when she says‘My God, what did you do? ’. She is completely shocked and horrified as Eddie was a loyal and family orientated man. Miller uses this quote to show the audience that Beatrice is astounded and aghast that Eddie has chosen Catherine over her, even though she is his wife. Marco is furious with the fact that Eddie has just ruined any chance of him getting an American citizenship, this now means that Marco wouldn’t be able to get a well paid job and support his family back in Italy. This is why he says ‘That one! He killed my children! That one stole the food from my children’ this is because although Eddie hasn’t directly murdered Marco’s family, his actions will lead to Marco getting deported and he wouldn’t be able to give his family money to buy food and they would consequently die. The audience would be shocked by what he is saying as he is insulting Eddie who Miller has made out to be the confused character who although he is doing something terrible he thinks that he is doing it for the right reasons, and the audience would therefore feel sorry for him. Miller uses the loyalty theme to show the weakness of men, Eddie betrays his family and community because of the mixed emotions he feels for Catharine.

If I Could Give Freedom Away :: essays research papers

I see on the news, a five-year-old girl is injured in a car accident. As a result, she becomes paralyzed from the waist down. The doctors say she will never walk again. This girl must spend the rest of her life confined to a wheel chair. The freedom to walk has been taken away from an innocent child.When I stop to think about this I realize how much I take for granted the use of my legs. I remember how much I enjoy walking along a beach with warm, wet sand squishing through my toes. I realize how much it means to me playing sports for my school and being part of a team. How different my life would be if I would not be able to go hiking through the woods or go swimming and jumping off diving boards. I look back at the times when I was a child and hopped on my bike to ride into town or just ran around the neighborhood playing with my friends. Many people who are paraplegic or have physical disabilities will never have these opportunities. Every day of their lives they must face struggles. Simple things I do routinely every day, like getting out of bed in the morning and getting dressed, would be a challenge for the physically impaired. What would it be like if I had to wheel myself from class to class, instead of walking freely through the halls. I think the worst part of being physically disabled must be, sad but true, the staring, the teasing, and being made fun of. Not everyone would be so cruel, but cruelty does happen. If I could give away freedom, I would give the freedom of movement to all people who are paralyzed in some way. I would give it to people in this condition so they could enjoy all the things other humans can enjoy. Some people are born with disabilities, and others dreadfully obtain them during their lives. Some of these disabilities can be cured, but many can’t be. I think this is unfair and everyone should be given the same opportunities in life.Why should someone be denied the freedom to run?

Argumentative Essay on Legalization of Marijuana Essay

Ever since marijuana’s first recorded use five-thousand years ago, it never had much popularity until the last century with prohibition and anti-war movements. The legalization of marijuana has recently been a rather controversial issue, although there should be no issue at all. Marijuana should be legalized. Prohibition was once tried with alcohol and it was a proven failure, and it should be soon proven again with marijuana. Marijuana is a relatively safe drug, especially when compared to other illegal drugs and even some legal drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco. There are many reasons marijuana is illegal and frowned upon today; most of which are irrational or ill-informed, while the rest are underlying reasons and irrelevant to the actual safety of marijuana and its users. There are many obvious benefits to society if marijuana were to be legalized. This includes the elimination of a large portion of underground drug dealers and their consumers. Financially, the common taxpayer would also be positively impacted. More than 300 economists, three of them well known, have estimated that the US government could save as much as $13.7 billion per year; $7.7 billion saved by not having to enforce the current prohibition, and $6 billion if the government taxed marijuana similarly to alcohol and tobacco (1). Not to mention the many jobs that would be created for American citizens in order to actually produce and market the marijuana. Medicinal reasons should also be accounted for, which include the need of medical marijuana for patients to live without pain. To put it simply; ill and ailing people are denied life-altering medicine because marijuana is illegal. Marijuana is a proven, effective, medicine. The Institute of Medicine’s report on marijuana, published in 1999, states, â€Å"In conclusion, the available evidence from animal and human studies indicates that cannabinoids can have a substantial analgesic effect.†(2). Included in this report is evidence supporting, to a lesser extent, marijuana relieving clinical depression, and was also shown to suppress  nausea and vomitting commonly associated with chemotherapy. Marijuana can also be especially effective in improving the appetite of AIDS and cancer patients. It is completely irrational to have such a potentially beneficial drug illegal, while thousands of American’s die each year from legal drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana is, in every way possible, safer than alcohol. Alcohol is toxic to healthy cells and organs, a side effect that results directly in about thirty-five thousand deaths in the US annually from resulting illnesses. Heavy alcohol consumption can depress the central nervous system, inducing unconsciousness, coma and death. Worldwide, alcohol consumption causes a staggering four percent of all deaths worldwide; more than AIDS, tuberculosis or violence (3). By contrast, the active compounds in marijuana, known as cannabinoids, are relatively nontoxic to humans. Unlike alcohol, marijuana is incapable of causing a fatal overdose, and its use it inversely associated with aggression and injury. The difference between marijuana and tobacco is even more evident. There is a common myth floating around claiming that one marijuana joint is equal to five cigarettes. This false conclusion is originally derived from a study by Dr. Donald Tashkin in which the researcher examined airflow resistance in the lungs of tobacco smokers compared to that in the lungs of marijuana smokers (4). He did find that daily pot smokers experience a â€Å"mild but significant† increase in airflow resistance in the large airways, greater than that seen in people smoking sixteen cigarettes per day. But what is not usually told is that, ironically, Dr. Tashkin also found, in the largest study ever of its kind, other, more important markers of lung health, in which marijuana smokers did much better than tobacco smokers. It is also rarely mentioned that the researcher’s study unexpectedly found that smoking marijuana, even regularly, does not lead to lung cancer. Zero people have died from the use of marijuana, nor has there been a case of marijuana causing any form of cancer. The fact that marijuana is illegal today is sufficiently caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the war on drugs. The government simply cannot turn back. They make a concerted effort to inform  American citizens that marijuana is bad for the taxpayers. Billions of dollars have gone towards fighting the war on drugs – marijuana specifically -, which would seem wasted if all this money was spent on something that was legalized anyway. The US government, as an investor, is in a relatively unique situation. It just wouldn’t be logical for the government to throw away their money, jobs, and pride without extreme pressure from an outside force. They would never abandon such a huge investment, unless they had to politically. Of course, there are many voices to be heard when concerning counter-arguments to the legalization of marijuana. Unfortunately, many can be disproven logically. For example, a common argument is ‘It is morally wrong to get high.’ The people who say this are usually theists of some sort, and don’t fully realize that morals vary from person to person, or religion to religion. Without a set standard of morals, the government or anyone else for that matter should have no right enforcing one set of morals onto another, especially if no one but themselves are affected. Then there is the classic, ‘Marijuana is addictive.’ This is true, but not in the way implied. Marijuana is not physically addictive in any way as are cigarettes; you can get addicted to marijuana just as you would get addicted to food, sex or anything else in life, for it is only psychologically addictive. There are those that claim that marijuana is a gateway drug, and therefore, should not be legalized. Well, if marijuana was a gateway drug, it would be far less effective as such if it were legalized; being forced into an underground market to buy an illegal drug would unavoidably serve as a ‘gateway’ to more illegal drugs, and can only be prevented by either getting rid of the entire market of illegal drugs, or simply legalizing marijuana. The use of marijuana is not as harmful as the government wants its people to believe, but nevertheless the government sponsors scare tactics on TV, using misleading or wrong information. Renowned scientists around the world have agreed that marijuana’s ability to play a significant role in medicine is more evident now than ever. Marijuana causes absolutely no long term health issues and can improve the quality of life of millions of sick, ailing people. Harmless and innocent people will continue to be harrassed,  arrested, and forced to suffer until this ‘horrible’ drug is legalized.

Additionally it may be beneficial Essay

Thank you for such an insightful post! How great is it that you were able to directly relate to Tammy in moving into a position of leadership within an organization where you had previously been working? I completely agree with you in that Tammy will need to foster relationships that promote productivity. I wonder if Tammy will be tempted to lean towards a more 1,9 managerial style where she focuses more on relationships than on production. â€Å"His aim as a manger, however, is to avoid pressuring for production at a rate higher than that which would win acceptance from organizational members† (Blake-Mouton, 191). I imagine that it would be difficult to focus as much on production as on relationships when you already have established friendships with the people that you are trying to lead. It sounds as though you were able to accomplish more of a 9,9 managerial style, which is quite a feat! In order to focus more on production, she will need to adopt a leadership style that is high in initiating structure. As Dr. Wagner talked about in his video, â€Å"Initiating Structure and Consideration,† Tammy will need to set and maintain definite standards of performance for her team if she hopes to turn the YMCA around. Thank you again for an excellent post! Julia Teresa, I agree with you when you say Tammy will have to initiate structure and consideration. In this case I think these styles of leadership are both equally important. Additionally it may be beneficial for her to not only understand her staff but to understand her own unique leadership styles. She posed several questioned pertaining to her own leadership, stating, â€Å"do I have the skills and competences to effectively change the current situation?† Tammy is wise in posing these questions and understanding that merely having consideration may be futile, as there is no direct relation between consideration and job performance. How beneficial do you think it will be for Tammy to know her managerial style? Where do think Tammy falls on the grid? I would venture to say she maybe The 9.9 Managerial Style. It will be important for her to set a structured environment whereby staff can freely think, be creative, and express. According to Blake & Mouton  Ã¢â‚¬Å"when people can think, when they have influence on outcomes, they support rather than comply or resist. â€Å" (Blake & Mouton pp. 196) Blake, R, & Mouton, J (2010). The Managerial Grid. In J.T. McMahon(Ed) Leadership Classics(pp185-199) Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Bowers, D.G. & Seashore, S.E. (2010) A Four-Factor Theory of Leadership. In J.T. McMahon (Ed.) Leadership Classics(pp 200-210). Long Grove, IL. Waveland Press. Ken Mark and Gerard Seijts, â€Å"The Scarborough YMCA: Getting Back on Track,† in Cases in Leadership, ed. W. Glenn Rowe and Laura Guerrero (Los Angeles: SAGE Publishing) 107-115. Your post was insightful. You mentioned that Tammy will do well for three reasons: 1. Her colleagues already view her as a peer and trust hrialer. 2. She will not have to go through an initial stage of having the team become familiar with her and vice versa to be able to establish a trusting relationship. 3. Since they already see her as a peer, her ability to motivate and inspire them will be enhanced. This is true. Additionally I have found that peer leadership doesn’t always constitute for positive outcomes. Tammy may experience some push back from staff that persist to remain in mediocrity and complacent. Some staff may think that Tammy has gotten â€Å"big headed† due to her newly assigned leadership role. When I took on my new managerial position unfortunately, some staff had to be released. It was painstaking but necessary. In the case of Tammy, she agreed to take on the position if she had the authority to fully manager staff. I would venture to say Tammy was being proactive and may have foreseen this inevitable fate for some of her former peers. While Bower & Seashore state the findings confirm there is significant and strong relationship between managerial and peer leadership characteristics, there are other considerations.(Bower & Seashore, pp 209) One consideration is sited in Leadership Classics as â€Å"seven of the eight leadership characteristics outlined in â€Å"A Four Factor Theory Of Leadership† play some part in the predictive model generated from data; only peer interaction facilitation seems to play no unique role.†(Leadership Classics, p 209) In the case of ‘peer leadership’, it is no argument that there are  pros and cons and the outcome is unpredictable.

Effective Feedback Essay Example

Effective Feedback Essay Example Effective Feedback Essay Effective Feedback Essay Effective Feedback I. Types of Feedback A. Informal B. Formal C. Direct D. Indirect E. Formative F. Summative II. Characteristics of Effective Feedback A. The feedback giver must be clear about motives B. Feedback should be given to help, not to hurt someone C. Feedback should be problem oriented, not people oriented D. Feedback should be specific rather than general E. Feedback is useful when well-timed F. Feedback should be checked with others to support its validity III. How feedback should be handled/given A. Listen to the feedback B. Try not to get defensive if it’s not good C. Practice giving and receiving feedback IV. Feedback Misconceptions A. It’s not my job to give feedback B. If you’re not asked for feedback don’t give any. C. No news (feedback) is good news. Giving Feedback. Teaching Learning @ Flinders. 16 Oct. 2007. Flinders University. 16 Oct. 2007 flinders. edu. au/teach/t4l/assess/feedback. php. Wertheim, Edward G. The Importance of Effective Communication. Edward G. Wertheim, Professor, Northeastern University. Northeastern University. 14 Oct. 2007 http://web. cba. neu. edu/~ewertheim/interper/commun. htm. Intro The primary objective of feedback is to help the speaker develop communication skills that address the needs and expectations of his or her audience. The most effective comments identify problem areas, provide clear and concise recommendations for developing the communication, and explain how those recommendations will make the speech more precise. Types of Feedback Informal worked examples (e. g. verbal feedback in class, personal consultation) Formal in writing (e. g. checklists, written commentary, generic exemplars) Direct to individual student (either in written form or in consultation) Indirect o whole class (e. g. The class did poorly on the last test. Very generic. ) Formative given during the run of the topic, enabling risk taking and adjustment prior to final submission Summative given at the end of a topic, with the purpose of letting students know what they have achieved. Characteristics of Effective Feedback There are several characteristics of positive feedback. But if I listed them all right now we would never get out of here on time. So here are some of the more prominent ones. First off the speaker must be clear about his or her motives behind the feedback in general. The goal of constructive feedback is to help the person not harm them. Feedback which has a hidden agenda such as settling a score or punishing another will not bring about a positive change in behavior. This plays into the feedback dealing with the issue at hand. Feedback is inherently designed to help the person become better in their communication skills not to attack the person verbally. Remember to always deal with the issue at hand because when feedback becomes a personal attack, you destroy your credibility. Another way to add to your credibility as a critique is to be as specific as possible when delivering feedback. Constructive criticism will often be interpreted as destructive, personal, or petty when it is non-specific. So it’s best to avoid generalizing the problem and get right down to the specific aspects of it so that the feedback will aid the person is correcting the problem rather than making them feel terrible about it. Just make sure the timing is right to share your feedback with that individual. The ideal time to provide feedback is as soon as you become aware of a problem. However, this is not always the best time. Consider what you know about the individual’s personal life. The right time to provide feedback is when the person is able to hear it, not necessarily when you are ready to provide it. So when it comes to this aspect of feedback just use your best judgment. Feedback Misconceptions Misconception 1: Its not my job to give feedback. Truth: In any setting whether it be at a company or in the classroom, if they value continuous improvement, feedback is everybodys job. If your environment isn’t feedback friendly, start a trend. First, praise. Reinforce positive actions and behaviors. Dont forget your boss: Positive feedback passed up the organization can have amazing results. Participate in suggestion programs honestly and enthusiastically. And request feedback on your own performance. Misconception 2: If youre not asked, keep your mouth shut. Truth: When you dont deliver critical feedback, you declare your indifference. Saying nothing means you dont care. But if your feedback concerns how your company works, how customers are treated, or what the company is doing right or wrong, you should speak up. Think through your message carefully, and make sure you deliver it with specific examples and suggestions. Misconception 3: No news is good news. Truth: No news is no news. Pretending that no news is good news prevents you from identifying and capitalizing on your strengths and improving your shortcomings. Giving Feedback. Teaching Learning @ Flinders. 16 Oct. 2007. Flinders University. 16 Oct. 2007 flinders. edu. au/teach/t4l/assess/feedback. php. Wertheim, Edward G. The Importance of Effective Communication. Edward G. Wertheim, Professor, Northeastern University. Northeastern University. 14 Oct. 2007 http://web. cba. neu. edu/~ewertheim/interper/commun. htm.

USS Pueblo Incident During the Cold War

USS Pueblo Incident During the Cold War USS Pueblo Incident - Background: Constructed by the Kewaunee Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Wisconsin during World War II, FP-344 was commissioned April 7, 1945. Serving as a freight and supply vessel for the US Army, it was crewed by the US Coast Guard. In 1966, the vessel was transferred to the US Navy and re-named USS Pueblo in reference to the city in Colorado. Redesignated AKL-44, Pueblo initially served a light cargo vessel. Shortly thereafter, it was withdrawn from service and converted to a signals intelligence ship. Given the hull number AGER-2 (Auxiliary General Environmental Research), Pueblo was intended to operate as part of a joint US Navy-National Security Agency program. USS Pueblo Incident - Mission: Ordered to Japan, Pueblo arrived at Yokosuka under the command of Commander Lloyd M. Bucher. On January 5, 1968, Bucher shifted his vessel south to Sasebo. With the Vietnam War raging to the south, he received orders to pass through the Tsushima Strait and conduct a signals intelligence mission off the coast of North Korea. While in the Sea of Japan, Pueblo was also to assess Soviet naval activity. Putting to sea on January 11, Pueblo passed through the straits and endeavored to avoid detection. This included maintaining radio silence. Though North Korea claimed a fifty-mile limit for its territorial waters, this was not recognized internationally and Pueblo was directed to operate outside the standard twelve-mile limit. USS Pueblo - Initial Encounters: As an added element of safety, Bucher directed his subordinates to maintain Pueblo thirteen miles off the coast. On the evening of January 20, while stationed off Mayang-do, Pueblo was sighted by a North Korean SO-1-class sub chaser. Passing in the twilight at range of around 4,000 yards, the vessel showed no outward interest in the American ship. Departing the area, Bucher sailed south toward Wonsan. Arriving on the morning of January 22, Pueblo commenced operations. Around noon, two North Korean trawlers approached Pueblo. Identified as Rice Paddy 1 and Rice Paddy 2, they were similar in design to Soviet Lentra-class intelligence trawlers. While no signals were exchanged, Bucher understood that his vessel was being observed and ordered a message sent to Rear Admiral Frank Johnson, Commander Naval Forces Japan, stating that his vessel had been discovered. Due to transmission and atmospheric conditions, this was not sent until the next day. Throughout the trawlers visual inspection, Pueblo flew the international flag for hydrographic operations. Around 4:00 PM, the trawlers left the area. That night, Pueblos radar showed eighteen vessels operating in its vicinity. Despite a flare launched around 1:45 AM, none of the North Korean ships attempted to close on Pueblo. As a result, Bucher signaled Johnson that he no longer considered his ship under surveillance and would resume radio silence. As the morning of January 23 progressed, Bucher became annoyed that Pueblo had drifted approximately twenty-five miles off the coast during the night and directed that ship resume its station at thirteen miles. USS Pueblo Incident - Confrontation: Reaching the desired position, Pueblo resumed operations. Just before noon, a SO-1-class sub chaser was spotted closing at high speed. Bucher ordered the hydrographic flag hoisted and directed his oceanographers to commence work on deck. The ships position in international waters was also verified by radar. Nearing to 1,000 yards, the sub chaser demanded to know Pueblos nationality. Responding, Bucher directed the American flag to be hoisted. Clearly unfooled by the oceanographic work, the sub chaser circled Pueblo and signaled heave to or I will open fire. At this time, three P4 torpedo boats were spotted approaching the confrontation. As the situation developed, the ships were overflown by two North Korean MiG-21 Fishbed fighters. Confirming its position as being located nearly sixteen miles from the coast, Pueblo responded to the sub chasers challenge with I am in International Waters. The torpedo boats soon took up stations around Pueblo. Not wanting to escalate the situation, Bucher did not order general quarters and instead attempted to depart the area. He also signaled Japan to apprise his superiors of the situation. Seeing one of the P4s approaching with a contingent of armed men, Bucher accelerated and maneuvered to prevent them from boarding. Around this time, a fourth P4 arrived on the scene. Though Bucher desired to steer for open sea, the North Korean vessels attempted to force him south towards land. USS Pueblo Incident - Attack Capture: As the P4s circled close to the ship, the sub chaser began closing at high speed. Recognizing an incoming attack, Bucher steered to present as small a target as possible. As the sub chaser opened fire with its 57 mm gun, the P4s began spraying Pueblo with machine gun fire. Aiming for the ships superstructure, the North Koreans attempted to disable Pueblo rather than sink it. Ordering modified general quarters (no crew on deck), Bucher initiated the process for destroying the classified material aboard. The signals intelligence crew soon found that the incinerator and shredders were insufficient for material at hand. As a result, some material was thrown overboard, while equipment was destroyed with sledgehammers and axes. Having moved into the protection of the pilot house, Bucher was inaccurately informed that the destruction was proceeding well. In constant contact with the Naval Support Group in Japan, Pueblo informed it of the situation. Though the carrier USS Enterprise was operating approximately 500 miles to the south, its patrolling F-4 Phantom IIs were not equipped for air-to-ground operations. As a result, it would be over ninety minutes until aircraft could arrive. Though Pueblo was equipped with several .50 cal. machine guns, they were in exposed positions and the crew was largely untrained in their use. Closing, the sub chaser began pummeling Pueblo at close range. With little choice, Bucher halted his vessel. Seeing this, the sub chaser signaled Follow me, I have a pilot aboard. Complying, Pueblo turned and began following while destruction of the classified material continued. Going below and seeing the amount still to be destroyed, Bucher ordered all stop to buy some time. Seeing Pueblo drift to a stop, the sub chaser turned and opened fire. Hitting the ship twice, one round mortally wounded Fireman Duane Hodges. In response, Bucher resumed following at one-third speed. Nearing the twelve-mile limit, the North Koreans closed and boarded Pueblo. Quickly gathering the ships crew, they placed them on deck blindfolded. Taking control of the ship, they steered for Wonsan and arrived around 7:00 PM. The loss of Pueblo was first capture of US Navy vessel on the high seas since the War of 1812 and saw the North Koreans seize a large amount of classified material. Removed from Pueblo, the ships crew was transported by bus and train to Pyongyang. USS Pueblo Incident - Response: Moved between prisoner camps, the crew of Pueblo were starved and tortured by their captors. In an effort to force Bucher to confess to spying, the North Koreans subjected him to a mock firing squad. Only when threatened with the execution of his men did Bucher consent to write and sign a confession. Other Pueblo officers were compelled to make similar statements under the same threat. In Washington, leaders varied in their calls for action. While some argued for an immediate military response, others took a more moderate line and called for talks with the North Koreans. Further complicating the situation was the beginning of the Battle of Khe Sanh in Vietnam as well as the Tet Offensive at the end of the month. Concerned that military action would put the crew at risk, President Lyndon B. Johnson began a diplomatic campaign to free the men. In addition to taking the case to the United Nations, the Johnson Administration opened direct talks with North Korea in early February. Meeting in Panmunjom, the North Koreans presented Pueblos logs as proof it had repeatedly violated their territory. Clearly falsified, these showed one position as being thirty-two miles inland and another indicating that the ship had traveled at a speed of 2,500 knots. In an effort to secure the release of Bucher and his crew, the United States ultimately agreed to apologize for violating North Korean territory, admit that the ship was spying, and assure the North Koreans it would not spy in the future. On December 23, Pueblos crew was freed and crossed the Bridge of No Return into South Korea. Immediately following their safe return, the United States fully retracted its statement of apology, admission, and assurance. Though still in possession of the North Koreans, Pueblo remains a commissioned warship of the US Navy. Held at Wonsan until 1999, it was ultimately moved to Pyongyang. Selected Sources USS Pueblo (AGER-2)Naval Warfare: USS PuebloThe Pueblo Incident

International Marketing Plan for Allianz Case Study

International Marketing Plan for Allianz - Case Study Example The company has acquired about 60 million customers to whom it provides property and casualty insurance services, health insurance, life insurance asset management and banking services. Allianz started to go international in the late 19th century when the company opened a branch office in London. Allianz now also has branches in Paris, Italy, Great Britain, Netherlands, Brazil, Spain, and USA. Allianz hopes to expand into Eastern Europe and establish branches either in Hungary or turkey. Since international marketing plans revolve around certain factors, the company will have to complete a thorough analysis of the countries in question, so as to determine the feasibility and viability of international services in these countries. This report will also discuss the viability of establishing branches in the Turkish or Hungarian market place. The Company is aiming to establish the organization in a global market. In order to do this an effective international marketing plan would have to be developed. The goal of this international marketing plan is the provision of specific directions for the company's marketing activities. Research will be carried out in various areas like segmentation, marketing, pricing strategy, targeting and positioning, promotional strategy, control and implementation, in order to achieve set goals. This marketing plan will also detail what the company can achieve with such an international marketing strategy and hoe this plan will help in realizing company objectives. When an organization has decided that it is beneficial to go international and start operations in another country, "it is necessary to define company policies on international marketing and the company's objectives for creating promotional campaigns that are efficient. As long as Allianz continues to offer superior services that are efficient, then the company will be better than a domestic company. As the global market continues to grow bigger and population increase continues, the company must engage in effective international marketing, in order to acquire and maintain more clients." (An in depth analysis of Insurance Industry) Interest in Hungary and Turkey Numerous variables function within an international company such as this, which deals in a global market. These variables can influence the company's strategy either directly or indirectly. Being well implanted in various parts of the world Allianz seeks to invest other markets in Europe. Marketing strategy At Allianz, the goal of business is the acquisition of clients and maintaining these clients as customers. The company's international marketing strategy should reflect this, as the company continues to build its reputation. The strategies that would be used for this international marketing will be a push/promotional strategy and pull/selling strategy. The push/promotional strategy will use the company's trade promotion activities and sales force to create consumer demand internationally. The pull/selling strategy involves expenses on promotions for consumers and advertising in order to build up consumer demand for services SWOT analysis The sections highlighted below constitute the most relevant issues for Allianz, and the success of the company. Strengths The company's strengths include: a brand new international approach, staff

Spanking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spanking - Essay Example Human beings develop or grow by observing the surroundings and so they are called as social animals. Children at young age don't have that much understanding to differentiate between genders or elderly people, teachers, family members and friends are the easiest scapegoats. The beginning of spanking may start from people surrounding the child start interfering in their matter and trying to alter their thoughts and at the same time molding them in a way what their parent or guardians need their wards to grow. This noble effort may be a good weapon to blend their children into a multi-talent adolescent, but it may have serious consequences if the child is already preoccupied by thoughts of his own. At this time if someone tries to interfere with their thoughts and intentions, emotions that may burst paving a way of spanking whoever tries to bother them. "When children mould their behavior as ways to avoid pain, they are likely to end up as self-centered and selfish adults." (McCord, 832). Children at tender age can't differentiate between teaching and strict discipline. Their lies a very thin line between teaching and discipline. If the child experiences this he/she may get disturbed and may get averse to the situations and will react unruly. The greatesThe greatest responsibility of molding a child depends on parents, teachers, etc. Students are the building blocks of the society. Teachers should be well versed in their subject, learnt and should have enchanting character which should influence the child to imitate their teachers. One of the reasons for children and adolescents is suspected weakness in themselves or in others. They try to cover up their weaknesses by aggressive behavior and showing the power personally. Effects of Spanking Spanking has diversified and serious effects on adolescents and adults. The effects of spanking have long-standing issues and may stretch thought life span. Short term or long-term spanking tend to have serious mental difficulties on adults. Adults who continue to spank get into serious troubles and commit crimes like, marital violence, child abuse etc. "Even non-abusive spanking, which is accepted as justifiable, appears to be ineffective in changing child behavior." (Larzelere, 824). It also affects the cordial relationship between the family members and friends. As it develops an adult may use more sophisticated form of bullying either directly or indirectly. It has shades of sexually harassing men and women to an adult where if sexually also reported even to moral policies. Adults who continue to spanking tend to become more sophisticated and gets associated with peer groups forming organized social structures with differentiating codes of behavior targeting women and children for personal collective needs.Boys and girls who continue to be spanked and bullied end up getting in to romantic relationships and affairs before marriage and extra marital affairs after marriage. Which effects their relationship and may end up getting divorced through court of law are may get separated with out getting divorced.The

The Potentials of the Next Generation Consumers of iPhone Essay

The Potentials of the Next Generation Consumers of iPhone - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that according to various kinds of literature, it has been widely accepted that a well-built marketing framework comprises certain essential strategic measures and approaches that further leverage marketers to make the long-term sustainability of their offerings within a particular business industry. In this similar context, a strong segmentation of market or target consumers can be asserted as one of the most effective approaches implemented by the organizations while marketing new brands within a particular business market. Moreover, an integrated marketing mix eventually facilitates implementation of strategies associated with product, place, price, and promotion and therefore, ensures the delivery of adequate opportunity to the organizations to build a strong market for their respective products and/or services. Marketing of a product and/or a service is duly considered to be the most effective practices of an organization in building i ts long-term sustainability in a particular industry or business market segment. To overcome the challenges presented by the current fiercely competitive scenario affecting contemporary organizations belonging to different business industries, an effective and well-built marketing plan plays a pivotal role not only to make the offered products successful but also to build a strong position of the products/services and gain competitive advantages through augmenting brand value on the whole. An effective marketing strategy may require the adoption of multiple tools and techniques that can enable marketers to gain significant insights and draw an exceptional brand image of the product in consumers’ mind. The aim of the discussion henceforth is to identify and assess the potentials of the next generation consumers of iPhone product line for Apple and propose marketing mix strategies that would assist the organization in gaining a competitive positioning over its close rivals. iPh one is commonly characterized as a particular product line of smartphones, which is designed, manufactured and marketed by one of the leading brands in the global Information Technology (IT) industry, Apple Inc. In the year 2007, the company launched the first generation of this product, which attracted a huge volume of tech-savvy customers from all around the globe.

Impacts of Public Art on Society

Impacts of Public Art on Society Introduction Art is wholly subjective. Ten people may have ten different interpretations of one single work of art. On the most basic of levels they could love it, hate it or be indifferent to it. On a more informed level they may read different information from it, and ask different questions as to its artistic value. Human behaviour, by the literal meaning of it, is equally as subjective. Each individual has human traits that are based on personal experience. However, group dynamics can be quantified objectively using controlled research methods. For this essay I shall examine how art is used to encourage certain changes in human behaviour, both mentally and physically. This dissertation aims to understand how art affects the behaviour of an individual and the associated effects of the environment on the development of character of an individual as a person. Taking into consideration that art and human behaviour are subjective I intend to research, review, analyse and interpret how organisations have utilised one for the outcome of the other. I shall look at how public buildings, whose main purpose and function are not to display art, have embraced shapes and colours in order to guide the emotional and physical state of its patrons. During the analysis I shall be examining the different theories of experts in this argument. I will be considering the artistic viewpoint and the scientific approach as well as a cultural and philosophical perspective. In my conclusion I hope to have ascertained enough information from my research to confidently state my opinions on how art, in the simplistic terms of shape and colour, has been used to project a subliminal, psychological impact on the people that come into contact with it. Objective The main question I am asking in this essay is whether artistic forms, be it painting, sculpture, shape or colour, has an impact on people and their behaviour in an environment that is not necessarily expected to display art. This question will enable me to research the impact of public art in buildings such as hospitals, schools, libraries and other public locations where steps have been taken to introduce art outside the confines of a museum or gallery. Therefore the objective of this dissertation would be to create an environment that would be beneficial to pupils, patients, clients and even the entire community. Literature Review The connotations of colour and human behaviour, specifically mood, have been understood and utilised for millennia. During the Vedic Age in India (1500BC – 600BC) there was a conceptual belief that colour could represent different emotions, one such concept proposes that: there are three interwoven mental states which are; energy, inertia and clarity and that we all fluctuate between degrees of these states. These three qualities are given colours Energy is symbolised by red, inertia by black or dark blue and clarity is light and colourless. (McDonagh 2003: 170). Considering that this is not a new subject there is a wide selection of literature available on this particular subject. I am attempting to focus my essay on the four most relevant subjects that encompass the whole of my research: Connotation of Colour throughout history; Psychology and Physiology of Human Behaviour (in controlled environments); Public Art in alternative locations (not museums or galleries); and Philosophy of Pragmatism in Art. My literature review will be made up from a combination of books, journals, research studies and interviews. Due to the overlapping nature of this essay I shall be focusing on a wide aspect of subject matter including art history, architecture, philosophy, psychology and sociology. I have accumulated around fifty sources for this essay and have systematically narrowed them down to include only the information that is relevant to my purposes. Having read through the information I have discovered that what started as a simple question has unearthed a number of different theories and interpretations; including opinions that were contrary to my original beliefs; thu s forcing me to truly take on an objective view of my work. Using critical analysis of the literature I intend to produce a well argued, objective essay that shall help me answer my original question. During my research into the above subjects I found a number of published authors, sociologist, psychologists and artists who are experts in their particular field. It was both assuring and eye-opening to read and interpret their views and as such I believe they shaped my approach to writing this essay. I found some more important to my research than others, and these included the following: Malcolm Miles writing about public art in cities in his book ‘Art, Space and the City: Public Art and Urban Futures’; Alexander Schauss’ study on the affect of colour in a controlled; Carolyn Bloomer writing about the interpretation of colour in her book ‘Principles of Visual Perception’; psychologist Tony Cassidy and his research into colour tests in his book ‘Environmental Psychology: Behaviour and Experience in Context’; pragmatist John Dewey and his early twentieth century theories on the conception of art as a means of improving life; and author C hristopher Day in his work on how colours can improve daily living in his book ‘Environment and Children: Passive Lessons from the Everyday Environment’. Methodology The methodology I am using in this essay will predominantly be data-analysis from previously researched case studies, journals and published works. I shall, however, use data-gathering in my essay wherever possible; be it from interviews with art curators, members of the public or my own observation. I have chosen to analyse previous work and research on my subject matters due to the wealth of information available. Where I believe that vital information or data is missing I have decided to collate it myself. I believe this will allow my essay to objectively interpret cited work but also to include subjective and personal opinions on a range of subjects. After all, art and human nature are subjective topics. A questionnaire that aims to investigate what works and what does not work and whether art serves a specific purpose will be given to participants. Within the time constraints to complete this dissertation, a questionnaire is useful for this kind of investigation as it can reach more people. Observation is considered too time-consuming, taking too long to be meaningful. Other factors that need to be taken into consideration include obtaining/seeking permission/consent from the head teachers of the schools or directors of the hospitals to carry out the investigation. A letter to the school or hospital to obtain their approval and consent for the investigation will be written, in addition to a letter to the parents of the pupils who are under the age of 16 for their consent and approval for their son/daughter to take part in the investigation. Human Research Ethics (Ethical issues) Due to the nature of this essay I shall be examining, amongst other findings, how human behaviour can change in relation to the environment that they are in. Because this deals with the mental and physical state of an individual I understand that I am in a position of trust, and as such any data will be gathered in strict confidence. However, because a large percentage of my findings are from data that has already been gathered I do not find myself in a position where my research ethics are questioned. I understand that if I was to delve further into the research on human behaviour patterns I would need to pay close attention to confidentiality and care towards any participants in my research; especially if I was to recreate the ‘Baker-Miller Pink’ test, in which individuals who have just been arrested are place in a pink holding cell and their mental and physical state is measured. It would also be of utmost importance to deal with any participants in prison or mental h ealth facilities with integrity and diplomacy. Analysis and Interpretation – Connotations of Colour In the search for an ideal environment that would benefit people who come into contact with it I believe that the first place to look is in the past, and understand how history has harnessed colour as a means of expressing emotion. The idea of colour may seem like a simple concept but, depending on your particular viewpoint, it can prove to mean many different things. In the world of physics colour is determined by the wavelength of light; to a physiologist and psychologist colour is perceived by neural responses in the eye and brain; to the sociologist it is linked with our own culture and to the artist it is an expressive creation. The basic premise of colour, that is, the colour that we can make ourselves, is that it is made up of three primary colours; red, blue and yellow: Primary colours are ones that cannot be made by mixing other colours. (Morris 2006: 56). When the primary colours are mixed they create the secondary colours: The secondary colours are orange, green and violet . They are produced by mixing two primary colours. (Morris 2006: 56). Finally there are the tertiary colours; these are created by mixing any primary colour with its adjacent secondary colour produces a tertiary colour (Morris 2006: 56) and include combination colours such as orange-yellow and blue-green. The full spectrum of colour is possible by mixing colours in relation to the desired outcome, like adding ingredients to a recipe. The origins of humans recreating colour can be traced back to primitive cave paintings, examples in Europe date back 32,000 years. Although primitive by today’s standards, these depictions of wild animals by the hunter-gatherers were exquisitely painted on the rock surface using red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. Even though the use of reds and yellows was mainly due to the materials available to them, the colourful imagery could be described as abstract insomuch that the actual animals were not as vividly coloured as t he artwork portrayed. Interestingly the two colours used are primary colours. As mentioned previously the ancient Indian cultures believed that different colours signified separate mental states. The Egyptians also used colours to connote different meaning in that they â€Å"originated the idea of red fiends or red devils, the origin of the Christian image of a red Satan. In later dynasties, words with evil connotations were written in papyri in red ink. (Eiseman 2000: 35). Red is a colour that is perhaps the most powerful hue and its meaning around the world has always symbolised energy and life; the word ‘red’ in many different languages is derived from the word for ‘blood’. However, different cultures interpret colours in different ways; like the Egyptians before them, the Japanese saw red as the colour of demons and devils, yet in the Middle East that imagery was not apparent: During the early Kamakura period, about AD 1200, Japanese artist Jigoku Soshi painted his ‘Hell Scroll’ with frightening red demons chasing to rmented victims; while to Persians and Turks, as reflected in their magnificent carpets, red symbolizes happiness and joy. (Eiseman 2000: 32). In the West our cultural understanding of semiotics has conditioned us to add extra information to data that we can see. In the UK red is seen as the colour of danger; a red light means stop, a red traffic sign is a warning. Because red is such a vibrant colour, and the fact that is the first primary colour of the spectrum of light, it holds an unrivalled importance in the way it used in the natural and man-made world: Reds are generally regarded as stimulating and exciting. (Miller 1997: 104). In terms of human physiological reaction to the colour red, it is thought to speed up heart and respiration rates and to raise blood pressure, and [is] associated with strength, passion, and the colour of blood and fire. (Bloomer 1976: 120). Red has always been seen as the colour of power and energy; this has been demonstrated in the socio-political ar ena by the Communist movement; so much so that during the McCarthy Communist witch-hunts in 1950s American, the phrase ‘Better Dead than Red’ was echoed around the country. The phrase is a strong indicator of how powerful the word ‘red’ truly was. Only three letters long, it embodied all that was ‘un-American’ in the world, promoting fear and a Cold War that lasted over forty years, yet when include with two other colours it symbolized undying patriotism: ‘red, white and blue’. Looking at another primary colour, blue, it is interesting to see how different cultures perceive this particular colour to that of red. In the modern West the most simple, almost child-like reading of the two colours is ‘hot’ and ‘cold’. However, throughout history the reproduction of the colour blue has meant more than just a signifier for cold water. In ancient Egypt the colour was used to connote loyalty and virtue: these identifications with the hue go as far back as 1340BC to the Egyptian civilization and the reign of King Tut. (Bleicher 2004: 37). However, whereas the Egyptians considered blue to be a symbol of truth, the Cherokee tribes and the Japanese see it differently: to the Cherokee, blue is a symbol of defeat. In Japanese theatre, blue is the colour for villains. (Hullfish Fowler 2003: 28). In Western culture the colour blue was not widely used until the Church began to paint religious figures, notably the clothing of Virgin Mary, with a pigm ent extracted from a blue gem stone, lapis lazuli. This religious link led the colour to symbolise â€Å"piety, truth and goodness† (Bleicher 2004: 37). Today blues are considered: â€Å"calming, restful, serene, cool, comfortable, sober, and contemplative. (Miller 1997: 104) and are thought to reduce blood pressure, pulse, and respiration rates. (Bloomer 1976: 120). Navy blue, a dark blue, is still used in the clothing of the business world to promote a feeling of truth and honesty. Blue is perceived as being a neutral colour in so much that it is the colour of the sea and, unlike land, is not owned by tyrannical, or democratic, rule. It also symbolises a form of depression, as in ‘feeling blue’ and can connote coldness, or even something that is beyond the boundaries of acceptable behaviour, that is, blue language or blue movie. The final primary colour, yellow, has always held an integral part of any man-made creation. It is the colour of the sun; the shining star that gives energy to the planet. The ancient civilizations used the yellow as a symbol of their beliefs and religion: As a colour sacred to the Chinese and important to the Egyptians and Greeks, yellow gradually became a symbol of power. (Walker 2002: 24) In many indigenous tribes the colour yellow bore the deepest religious meaning, in south America the Aztecs believed yellow was the colour of life and food and the Mayans celebrated the colour as one that had the power to bring daily life: â€Å"The Mayas of Yucatan assigned it to the dawn and the east. (Brinton 2004: 237). However, the fact that yellow was so important to the ancient civilizations was detrimental to the beliefs of the early Christians, and yellow began to become associated with negativity: Yellow has been associated with deceit, cowardice, and jealousy† (Walker 2002: 24). In certain parts of Africa yellow is associated with love â€Å"because its the colour of honey. (Kaldera Schwartzstein 2002: 21). Gold is a softer shade of yellow and therefore seems to shed any of its negative images, but perhaps this is because the connotations are so intrinsically linked with wealth. Today yellow is considered sunny, cheerful, and high spirited, the happiest of all colours. (Miller 1997: 105) and it is also seen as being an expansive colour, one which appears to spread out as well as to advance† (Swirnoff 1988: 38). Throughout history yellow will always be seen as a bright, force-giving colour. This is perhaps due to the very child-like imagery of the sun; give almost any child a yellow crayon and ask them to draw the sky and in the corner of the picture appears a bright yellow orb with rays of sunshine emitting from it. The negative connotations seem to be rooted in cultural and religious differences, even racism. Chinese and Japanese people were often referred to as ‘yellow’ by an ignorant West. This was fundamentally based on the complexion of the skin; however, early Chinese rulers were called yellow emperors due to the power imagery of the colour, and the importance of the Yellow River. Obviously the primary colours are not the only colours that civilization has encapsulated in culture, religion or art; the secondary and tertiary colours are just as important. Unfortunately I do not have the space to describe every single colour but feel that some important ones need to be mentioned. Green is a very popular word in that its connotation seems to be of more value than its denotation. Like ‘red’ was in the 1950s, the word ‘green’ means far more than a colour. Green is an ecological, economical and political word that covers anything from Amazonian rainforests, nuclear power stations, recycling and political parties. In wooded and forested areas of the planet green is the background colour, in cityscapes green is what the majority of people miss; ‘the grass is always greener’ is a Western saying that strikes home in this situation, as in things are always better on the other side of the fence, country or world. If looking at a glob e of the planet the two main colours are blue (water) and green (land). Green can be considered neutral, but at the same time it means jealousy; a human trait that has shaped our political world for millennia. This duality allows green to be both warm and cool; it contains both the calming presence of blueness and the energy of yellowness. (Miller 1997: 104). Green can be the bridge between the natural and man-made world: Low saturation greens can serve as a transition between architecture and nature. (Kaufman Dahl 1992: 130). The combination of red and blue creates purple, a hue that can evoke delicacy and richness or appear unsettling and degenerate.† (Miller 1997: 105). Purple is a very regal colour and is often worn by royalty and world leaders during ceremonies; the leading figures in the Roman senate would proudly display purple within the design of their togas. Purple is cold colour and can connote physical harm such as a bruise or visible veins. Yet the pretentiousness of the colour is by far its strongest meaning and is considered dignified, exclusive, but lonely, mournful, or pompous. (Mahnke Mahnke 1993: 13). Orange is the mix of red and yellow, the two energetic primary colours. From a geological perspective this is the combination of lava and the sun. Historically orange has always had connotations of heat, energy and intensity; mainly rooted from its representation of the flames from a fire, and the warming embers of man-made safety. Perhaps it is this safety that affords the colour to be neither good nor bad: Orange has always suffered something of an identity crisis. It has spent its history playing second fiddle to red, and occasionally to gold. (Varley 1980: 194). It is hard to think of an example where orange is used as imagery: It has virtually no negative associations, neither emotionally or culturally†¦ and its emphatically positive meanings are few. (Varley 1980: 194). Even though technically black and white are not colours, but the result of an object reflecting or absorbing light wavelengths, they form an important role in the world around us. Things are labelled in the most simplistic terms of being either black or white; it is a situation where there can be no middle ground, it is right or wrong, yes or no. Cultural and political education enables us to know that this is very rarely the case, and using a similar analogy: there is no black and white, only different shades of grey. What black tends to imply is nothingness, a void. In contrast white is pure, enlightenment and goodness. In terms of race using black as a prefix seemed to connote the opposite, making the word derogatory; black magic, black arts and black mark. The connotations of colour are complex and centred on diverse cultural meanings from different civilizations around the world. The meaning of a word can change over the course of history. The language surrounding colour is so advanced that even on the most basic of levels one person could identify a certain shade of colour positively, yet another could read it negatively. With this in mind I can move on to how art and colour is used to study the complexities of human behaviour. Psychology and Physiology of Human Behaviour (in controlled environments) The next logical step in my search for the most beneficial environment is to use the above information on colour and relate it to scientific study, predominantly in the areas of psychology and physiology. The simplest and most common definition of psychology is that it is the scientific study of behaviour, in other words psychology is â€Å"the science that makes use of behavioural and other evidence to understand the internal processes leading people and members of other species to behave in the ways that they do. (Eysenck 2000: 3). Physiology and in particular human physiology: â€Å"studies the functions and activities of living human bodies and their components (Torshin 2007: 11). In this essay I shall use physiology to study human responses such as heart rate, blood pressure and the effects of tension. As mentioned at the beginning of this essay most of my data has been gathered from previous studies. I intend to investigate how mood and emotion can be measured, and ultimately influenced. Mood states were not always welcomed by the scientific community; the behavioural and cognitive paradigms so prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s often tended to devalue the significance of moods. Frequently, mood and effect went without mention in prominent analyses of behaviour (Zajonc 1980). However, this devaluation has changed in recent times and most behavioural analyses today include significant affective components (Tomkins 1981). Mood is clearly a bio-psychological process that involves the whole individual. In other words, mood would not occur without biochemical, psycho physiological and cognitive components, as well as subjective reactions: â€Å"Implicit assumption that mood is nothing more than a response caused by cognitive, physiological and biochemical events. Thus, subjective feelings are regarded as the last process.† (Thayer 1989: 5). It is my opinion that subjective feelin gs interact together to affect the mood of the individual. Mood is related to emotion, but when the term ‘mood’ is used, it usually implies a longer course of time, which is probably the central distinction between the two. In 1965 the Nowlis Mood Adjective Check List (MACL), a statistical method to define and analyse mood, was introduced that consisted of 33 adjectives selected from a large pool of emotion and mood terms. The subjects are asked to check each item that applies to their mood state of the day (Frijda 1986: 181). I have prepared and sent out questionnaires to subjects that ask them to disclose if they believe they have an emotional response from specific colours. It is the psychological and physiological response to colours that I believe is most beneficial to my research. In 1978 Professor Alexander Schauss of the American Institute for Biosocial Research in Tacoma, Washington set up a scientific experiment to study the effects that colour had on human behaviour. Working from initial ideas he had read in published work by Swiss psychiatrist Max Luscher, Schauss found that concentrating on a certain shade of pink (originally labelled P-618) after physical exercise lowered his heart rate, pulse and respiration as compared to other colours (Schauss 1981: 1). With the assistance of the United States Naval Correctional Centre in Seattle, Schauss was able to begin his study. Schauss renamed the colour to ‘Baker-Miller pink’ in dedication to the two officers at the centre, Commander Miller and CWO Baker. The walls and ceiling of one of the admission cells was painted in Baker-Miller pink (figure 1), while the remaining cells were left untouched. Newly confined prisoners were systematically admitted to the cell and observed for fifteen minutes du ring which no incidents of erratic behaviour were recorded (Eiseman 2000: 40). This research continued for 156 consecutive days, beginning on 1 March 1979. The results during this period were reported to the United States Navy’s Bureau of Naval Personnel, Law Enforcement and Corrections Division, Washington, D.C., stating: Since initiation of this procedure on March 1, 1979, there have been no incidents of erratic or hostile behavior daring the initial phase of confinement. (Schauss 1981: 1). The data from this study showed that after only a period of fifteen minutes exposed to the Baker-Miller pink, detainees were not demonstrating any violent or aggressive behaviour. This calming effect could actually continue for up to thirty minutes after the subject had been removed from the cell. So successful was Schauss’ experiment that he took it to a county sheriff’s office in California where he noted that its effectiveness was increased within a smaller space; the sm aller the cell the less chance of violent behaviour. (Schauss 1981: 1). The Baker-Miller pink has been used widely in detention facilities: â€Å"The use of this colour in juvenile correctional centres, psychiatric hospitals and its testing under laboratory conditions with students confirms its effect in suppressing violent and aggressive behaviour. (Cassidy 1997: 84) In 1988 an experiment was set up to determine the effects of colour in the office workplace in relation to the mood of its workers. Professors Nancy Kwallek, Carol Lewis and A.S. Robbins of the University of Texas assessed the effects of a red, green and white office environment on worker production and mood. It was predicted that those who worked in the red office would find it a more tense environment and would make more errors.† (Miller 1997: 104). It was also expected that the subjects working in the green office would perform better than those in the red office. The white office was included as a comparison as it is the most common colour for an office working environment. The white office was expected to provide results that were better than red, but worse than green. In actuality the results told a different story. The workers in the red office actually made fewer errors than those in the white or green offices, even though they found the colour â€Å"distracting. (Mill er 1997: 104). The research team found that subjects working in the white office made more errors than those working in the red or the green office. On a personal level the subjects stated their preference to working in the white environment, considering it a â€Å"more appropriate colour for an office than either red or green.† (Miller 1997: 104). However, in response to this test, Ainsworth, Simpson and Cassell in their study, Effects of Three Colours in an Office Interior on Mood and Performance in 1993 found no effect of colour on performance or emotion. (Cassidy 1997: 85). Their hypothesis led them to believe that the warm colour, red, would induce high arousal and activity, whereas blue will induce feelings of low arousal. However, their results did not support their hypothesis. They concluded that the reason for error was in their methods, not in their actual hypothesis. If the data gathering was flawed then we must omit their findings and focus on the original test. T he red office environment produced the least amount of mistakes, whereas the white office was the preferred colour of the subjects. What these two studies show is the importance of colour and how human behaviour reacts to it. The science behind this is complex and an understanding of how a human ‘sees’ colour is vital. Colour exists everywhere there is light. Sir Isaac Newton, analysing the rays of the sun, detected that all the different colours, except extreme purple are contained in light. The brain responds to it instinctively and unconsciously. As Schauss demonstrated, the colours within our immediate environment affect our mood and ultimately our behaviour. This behaviour is individually subjective but reactions to colour combinations can be predicted with startling accuracy: â€Å"Science has always recognised the link between colour combinations and mood or behaviour. (Conway 2004: 76). The exact science of how we see colour is due to how the various wavelengths of light strike our eyes in different ways, affecting our senses: â€Å"Within the eye, the retina converts these waves into elect rical impulses, allowing the brain to decode this visual information. This information is passed to the hypothalamus, the part of the brain governing our endocrine system producing hormones, and hormones affect our mood. (Conway 2004: 76). In other words the eye must operate with light for the brain to interpret colour: Everything we see is coloured. Nothing visible is free of colour. This has profound consequences, for colour affects the autonomic nervous system, muscle tension, cortical activity, enzymatic and hormonal secretions. (Day 2007: 115). With this in mind it is important to quantify how different colours affect our behaviour, both mentally and physically. Our cultural and historical upbringing will play a part in how we react to certain colour schemes. In simplistic terms it could be argued that warm colours such as reds, oranges and yellows will incite an active response, exciting the subject; whereas cooler colours such as blues and greens will calm and quieten them. In fact it has been argued that the power of colour placement is a science and should not be left to the uneducated: So powerfully do they influence mood, and such potential do their relationships have for harmony or discord, spirit-uplifting beauty or teeth-gritting ugliness, that colours are too important just to leave to fashion or dramatic whim. (Day 2007: 116). But how does colour affect human behaviour? In the Schauss experiment one colour managed to pacify, it even lowered pulse and heart rates of its subjects. This goes one step further than th e subject merely relating to the notion of seeing a soft colour. One theory is that we do not only ‘see’ with our eyes, but we indirectly see with the glands that produce hormones in our brains; the pineal gland, a gland that produces melatonin, a hormone that may weakly modulate wake and sleep patterns: Although a person may not be able to differentiate colour, transmitters in the eyes pick up information from visible radiant energy sources and transmit that energy to the hypothalamus, and the pineal and pituitary glands. So it may be possible to see with your glands. (Eiseman 2000: 40). This theory is one that Schauss promotes in his Baker-Miller study: â€Å"One possibility includes the existence of a hormone (e.g. thyrotropin-releasing hormones, TRH, thyroliberin) acting as a neurotransmitter to the hypo-thalamus or pineal gland. This could in turn effect other cells in the adrenal medulla, supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system, and the turberoinfundibular cells of the hypothalamus.† (Schauss 1981: 1). What these theories allow is the possibility that in a controlled environment, clever use of colour can and will affect the psychological and physiological behaviour of targeted subjects, albeit in a basic premise of colour application. Moods are influential, but they not always control behaviour, the tenden